NSAIDs: What They Do and How to Use Them Safely

NSAIDs (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) are a go-to for pain, fever, and swelling. Common names you’ll see are ibuprofen, naproxen, and aspirin. Some stronger options need a prescription, like diclofenac or celecoxib. These drugs reduce the chemicals that cause pain and inflammation, so they help with headaches, muscle strains, arthritis, and menstrual pain.

You can buy many NSAIDs over the counter. Over-the-counter dosing is meant for short-term problems — a sprain, a bad headache, or a fever. Prescription versions are for ongoing conditions and usually need medical monitoring. Never take more than the recommended dose, and don’t mix two different NSAIDs at once. More does not mean faster relief, but it does raise the risk of harm.

Who needs to be cautious

NSAIDs can upset the stomach and increase the chance of ulcers and bleeding. If you’ve had stomach ulcers, or you’re older, the risk is higher. These drugs can also affect kidney function, especially if you’re dehydrated or already have kidney disease.

Some NSAIDs can raise blood pressure and may slightly increase the risk of heart attack or stroke when used long-term or at high doses. If you take blood thinners like warfarin, or medications such as ACE inhibitors, diuretics, lithium, or methotrexate, NSAIDs can interact and cause problems. Pregnant people should avoid NSAIDs late in pregnancy because of risks to the baby and to labor.

Practical tips to lower risk

Take NSAIDs with food or a small snack to reduce stomach upset. Use the lowest dose that works and stop as soon as you can. Avoid alcohol while taking them — alcohol increases bleeding risk. Check other medicines and cold or flu products so you don’t accidentally take two sources of NSAIDs.

If you need pain relief for weeks or months, ask your doctor about monitoring your blood pressure and kidney tests. For long-term use, doctors sometimes add a protective medicine like a proton pump inhibitor to lower ulcer risk. Topical NSAID gels or patches can treat localized pain with less effect on the stomach and heart. For simple pain or fever without inflammation, acetaminophen is an alternative that avoids NSAID-related stomach and heart risks.

Stop NSAIDs and get urgent care if you notice severe stomach pain, black or bloody stools, fainting, chest pain, sudden shortness of breath, or sudden swelling of the face, hands, or legs. Also talk to your provider before taking NSAIDs if you have heart disease, high blood pressure, kidney problems, or are on blood thinners.

If you’re unsure what’s best for your pain, ask a pharmacist or your doctor. Want more practical articles and medicine guides? Browse related posts on GrantPharmacy.com to compare options and check interactions before you buy or take anything.